lankhulani mpeni wakukhitchini

Mpeni wa m’khitchini umenewu uyenera kuonedwa ngati chida chofunika kwambiri m’khichini.” Ndipotu, uyeneranso kukhala chida chakale kwambiri kwa anthu, ndipo ungakhalenso wachikulire kuposa anthu enieni: Ofufuza ena ku United States anaphunzitsa anyani mmene angapangire miyala. mipeni, kotero zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti m'buku la Makolo a anthu ayenera kuti anaphunzira kupanga mipeni yamwala asanasinthe kukhala "anthu". Pali mawu ambiri osangalatsa okhudza mipeni yakukhitchini, yomwe imafalikira kwambiri ndikuti ophika aku China amafunikira mpeni umodzi wokha wakukhitchini kuti agonjetse dziko lapansi, pomwe ophika akumadzulo amafunikira mipeni yambiri yakukhitchini kuti aphike mbale zosavuta. M'malo mwake, sizili choncho, ngakhale kuti m'khitchini mwa mabanja ambiri achi China muli mpeni umodzi wokha wa khitchini, kwa ophika apamwamba achi China amafunikira mipeni yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ngati akufuna kuphika bwino chakudya cha ku China. Simungagwiritse ntchito mpeni womwewo ngati nyama yodulidwa (yakale ndi yolimba kwambiri ndipo mbali ya tsamba iyenera kukhala yaikulu, pamene yotsirizirayo iyenera kukhala yakuthwa ndipo mbali ya tsamba iyenera kukhala yaying'ono), ndipo sizingatheke. kusema “Zisanu Zosakhoza Kufa Zowoloka Nyanja” pamphete ya mavwende ndi mpeni wodulidwa. .

Ngati mulibe lingaliro lodziwika bwino, mutha kuwonera kanema wa Ang Lee "Chakudya ndi Chakumwa Mwamuna ndi Mkazi." Wodziwika bwino momwemo ndi wophika pa Grand Hotel ku Taipei. Akufunika mashelufu angapo kuti awonetse mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakhitchini mipeni m'khitchini yake yakunyumba. Inde, monga zida zonse, mpeni wakukhitchini uwu uli ndi lamulo la "makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu", ziribe kanthu chakudya cha China kapena chakudya chakumadzulo, 80% ya mbale ikhoza kuchitidwa ndi mpeni umodzi, koma ngati mukufuna kuchita 20% yotsalayo. za mbale, muyenera zambiri Mitundu yambiri ya mipeni idzachita. Chifukwa china cha mawuwa chingakhale chakuti aliyense amasokoneza khitchini yaku China m'nthawi ya kusowa kwa zinthu kukumbukira ndi khitchini ya kalasi yopumula m'mafilimu aku Western ndi TV.

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kuyambira zaka zolembedwa zolembedwa, luso lophika lakhala luso losadalirika. Ndithudi, palibe chimene chiyenera kulabadira kukhitchini ya osauka, ndipo olemera sawononga ndalama kukhitchini. Mfundoyi ikufanana modabwitsa pakati pa Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo.Kulibe khitchini m'nyumba zakale kumadzulo.Kukhitchini ndi kanyumba kakang'ono kutali ndi nyumba yaikulu.

Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mafakitale, ndi kukwera kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, ndalama zogwirira ntchito kumayiko a Kumadzulo zakwera kwambiri, ndipo amayi apakati, ngakhale apakati, amayenera kuphika okha. kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo.Mpeni wakukhitchini wa mtundu wotchuka waku Western ndiwopangidwa ndi izi. Kwa khichini kunyumba, choyamba, yaiwisi ndi yophika iyenera kulekanitsidwa.Kutengera malingaliro awa, khitchini yaku China ndiyovuta kwambiri, chifukwa Azungu sakonda kudula nyama m'khitchini yawo. Malo ogulitsira amadula nyama yopakidwa, kuchotsa zoyikapo ndikuziponyera mumphika Mosiyana ndi kuphika ku China, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kudula nyama yodulidwa kapena yodulidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mpeni womwe wadula anyezi ndi ginger umakhalabe ndi fungo lotsalira ngakhale mutatsuka bwanji.Ukagwiritsa ntchito mpeni wotere podula zipatso kapena tomato, fungo lake ndi losavuta kunyamula, ndiye mpeni womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazipatso. kukonza ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Mipeni ya m’khichini yathu imakonzedwa motsatira mfundo iyi: ina yodula nyama, ina yodula masamba, ina yodula zipatso. Malingana ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito mpeni, pali vuto la chitetezo. Izi ndi zoona kwa aliyense kuyambira okonda kukhitchini omwe ali atsopano kukhitchini mpaka ophika otchuka aja: muwonetsero wa zakudya "Iron Chef", ophika ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali amadzicheka zala zawo. fulumira. Pankhani imeneyi, mwambi wofala ndi wakuti “Mpeni umenewu ndi wabwino kwambiri, koma ndi wakuthwa kwambiri, ndipo ndi woopsa kwambiri kuudula m’manja mwako!”.

M'malo mwake, mipeni yosaoneka bwino ndiyo yoopsa kwambiri.Mukagwiritsa ntchito mipeni yosasunthika mumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri ndipo mumalephera kuigwira. Masiku angapo apitawo, ndidawona kafukufuku yemwe adalemba masamba "owopsa" m'khitchini, ndipo dzungu lili pagawo loyamba. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti dzungu liri ndi khungu lolimba ndi mnofu wandiweyani, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kutaya pamene mukudula.

Ngakhale kuti kuphika ndi kubwereza ndakatulo, kujambula, kuimba piyano ndi kusewera chess ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana, zonsezi zimafuna mtima wodekha. masamba pa TV.Mukamatsanzira, mumangotsala theka la sitepe kuchokera "mwazi wowazidwa pa bolodi". Panthawiyi, musayembekezere kuti mpeni wosasunthika ukhale wofewa. LG nthawi zambiri ankanena chiganizo chafilosofi (kwenikweni, iye anachimva kuchokera kwina): "Mpeni wosamveka umakhala wothamanga nthawi zonse podula manja." Kumbali ina, chilonda chopangidwa ndi mpeni wosasunthika chimakhala ndi zigawo zazikulu zong'ambika pang'onopang'ono ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuchira, pamene chilonda chopangidwa ndi mpeni chimakhala chowoneka bwino ndipo chimachira msanga.

Choncho, zivute zitani, musagwiritse ntchito mipeni ya m’khichini yosaoneka bwino. Pulogalamu ya Jamie Oliver anapereka malangizo abwino pa nkhani za chitetezo: choyamba, ikani chiguduli chonyowa pang'ono pansi pa bolodi kuti mupewe kutsetsereka mwangozi pa bolodi yodula, ndipo chachiwiri, podula masamba, onetsetsani kuti choyamba Kuti muzitha kusakaniza mbale. mwachitsanzo, podula mbatata, mukhoza kuyamba kudula ndege kuchokera ku mbatata, ndiyeno mugwiritse ntchito ndegeyi kukonza mbatata pa bolodi lodula kuti mupewe kusamvana mwangozi panthawi yodula. Chachitatu, kuvomereza mlingo wanu, kudula moona mtima komanso pang'onopang'ono (imeneyi inafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi LG kwa iye, haha, m'mapulogalamu ake ambiri, amayesa kupeŵa kusonyeza luso lake la mpeni, kuchepetsa mwadala kuti asasocheretse omvera ).

Pamene nyani wakale wakale adaphunzira kugogoda mwala kuti apange "chopper" choyamba, panali mtundu umodzi wokha padziko lapansi. Tsopano popeza zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zadutsa, nyani wakale woganiza bwino adasanduka munthu wokhala ndi matumbo osawerengeka, ndipo "Cai Knife Sect" mwachilengedwe idabala nthambi zambiri. Pakati pawo, pali atatu otchuka kwambiri: mpeni wophika wa kumadzulo, mpeni waku Japan Santoku, komanso mpeni wathu wodziwika bwino wakukhitchini waku China.

Mpeni wa wophika wophika wa kumadzulo umenewu umatchedwanso mpeni wa ku France.” Ngakhale kuti amisiri a ku Germany anayamba kuganiza za mtundu wa mpeni umenewu, chakudya cha ku Germany n’chosaoneka bwino, ndipo chinayamba kutchuka chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho ya zakudya za ku France. Mipeni ya ophika a mtundu wakumadzulo ili ndi mpeni wautali, wopapatiza kumbuyo wokhuthala komanso m'mphepete mwake. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mipeni ya kukhitchini ya azungu.” Ophika amagwiritsira ntchito nsonga ya mpeniwo ngati fulcrum, ndipo mpeniwo umayenda m’mwamba ndi pansi pa thabwa ngati chodulira chakudya.

Mpeni wa wophika wopangidwa bwino uli ndi nsonga yakuthwa kwambiri yokhala ndi ngodya yaying'ono pafupi ndi nsonga ndipo ndi yoyenera kudula bwino, pamene m'mphepete mwapafupi ndi chogwiriracho chimakhala ndi ngodya yokulirapo ndipo ndi yoyenera kudula mafupa a nsomba kapena zinthu zina zolimba pang'ono. mpeni wa chef: Kambiranani za mpeni wakukhitchini (1) Kutchuka kwa mipeni ya Santoku yaku Japan sikungasiyane ndi kukwezedwa mwamphamvu kwa opanga mipeni yakukhitchini yakumadzulo. Mpeni wa Santoku umatchedwa “Santoku Baoding” m’Chijapanizi, ndipo “Baoding” amatanthauza mpeni wakukhitchini.

Poyang'ana koyamba, mpeni wa Santoku ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi mpeni wa ophika a kumadzulo, koma kwenikweni pali kusiyana kwakukulu. Choyamba, mpeni wa Santoku ndi wowongoka, kotero kuyendayenda mmwamba ndi pansi ndiyo njira yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito, mosiyana ndi njira ya mpeni "yogwedezeka" ya mpeni wa wophika wa kumadzulo. Chachiwiri, tsambalo ndi lopyapyala, lomwe ndi loyenera kudula nsomba ndi nyama, silikuwoneka kuti limagwira ntchito zambiri ngati mpeni wa ophika.

Santoku mpeni: Kambiranani za mpeni wakukhitchini (1) Aliyense amadziwa mpeni wakukhitchini waku China wamba, kotero palibe chifukwa cholankhula zopanda pake. Mpeni wakukhichini womwe umakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabanja aku China ndi wozungulira monse wofanana ndi mpeni wa wophika wophika wakumadzulo.Kuphatikiza kumaliza kudula zosakaniza, zimathanso kusamutsa zodulidwazo ku mphika mosavuta.Izi sizingatheke. mwa mitundu iwiri yoyambirira ya mipeni yakukhitchini. Inde, pali mitundu yambiri ya mipeni yakukhitchini yaku China, mwachitsanzo, ina ndi yokhuthala komanso yoyenera kudula mafupa a nkhuku ndi ziweto, ndipo ina imakhala yopyapyala komanso yakuthwa komanso yoyenera kudulira bwino. ya mipeni si yosiyana kwambiri, kotero Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa mpeni wakukhitchini ku China, koma sichoncho.

Tiyeni tikambirane zinthu za mpeni wakukhitchini. Mipeni wamba yakukhitchini pamsika sizinthu zopitilira zitatu, chitsulo cha kaboni, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zoumba. Zoonadi, pali zinthu zina zolimba, monga titaniyamu woyera kapena titaniyamu aloyi, zomwe zimanenedwa kuti zimakhala ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi dzimbiri, ndipo zimakhala zopepuka komanso zosinthika kuposa mipeni yachitsulo, koma izi sizinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, kotero sindidzatero. lankhulani za iwo pano.

Mipeni yoyambirira yakukhitchini inali yopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha carbon. Ngakhale chitsulo choyera chimakhala ndi kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri, kuuma kwake sikokwera.Mutatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa carbon kuti mupange homogeneous iron-carbon alloy, imakhala chitsulo (zowona, ndondomeko yeniyeniyo siili yophweka monga momwe ikunenera. Chotsatira chake, mpweya wa carbon ukakhala wochuluka kwambiri, umasanduka chitsulo chosungunuka, ndipo zitsulo zachitsulo zokhala ndi mpweya wapakati pa 0.2% ndi 2.1% zimatchedwa chitsulo. Anthu aphunzira kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo. zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo, koma ndi zaka zikwi ziwiri zapitazi pamene zida zachitsulo zimatha kupangidwa mokhazikika. Miyambi yachi China nthawi zambiri imanena kuti "chitsulo chimapangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zana", "chitsulo chabwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa tsamba", ndi zina zotero. Zingaoneke kuti zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ziyenera kukhala zamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'nthawi zakale.

Pali zinsinsi zambiri kumbuyo kwa miyambi iwiriyi. Izi "kusungunula mu zitsulo" kwenikweni amatanthauza ndondomeko yopangira ndi kupanga ku China wakale kuti apange zitsulo zapamwamba: osula zitsulo adatenthetsa zopanda kanthu ndikuzipanga mobwerezabwereza ndikuzipinda, kotero kuti mpweya mmenemo unagawidwa mofanana, ndi kuuma ndi kuuma. kulimba kwa zinthuzo kunakula kwambiri .. Ndipo "chitsulo chabwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamphepo" adanena kuti osulawo adayenera kugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono kupanga mipeni pamene zipangizo zinali zochepa: kuphatikiza zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi zinthu zina zotsika kwambiri popanga. Chitsulo chapamwamba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tsamba, ndipo zipangizo zina zimapanga tsamba.

Kusowa kwazitsulo zamtengo wapatali m'nthawi zakale komanso kusatsimikizika pakupanga zitsulo kwawonjezera zinsinsi zambiri pamakampaniwa, komanso kunayambitsa nthano zambiri.Ku China, pali nthano yodziwika bwino monga "Moxie", komanso mu Kumadzulo, pali nthano ya “chitsulo cha Damasiko.” Zozizwitsa zamitundu yonse, monga lupanga lopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha Damasiko, likhoza kudula mosavuta mbiya yamfuti, tsitsi logwa pa mpeni lidzasweka lokha, ndi zina zotero. Nthano zimenezi zakhudza kwambiri anthu mpaka pano.” Ngakhale kuti zitsulo zopangidwa ndi luso lamakono zakhala zikuposa zitsulo za Damasiko kwa nthawi yaitali, anthu amakhulupirirabe kuti padakali matsenga amatsenga obisika kumbuyo kwa zithunzi zokongolazi. Kuti agwirizane ndi malingaliro awa a anthu, opanga mipeni yakukhitchini adayesetsa kutulutsanso chitsulo cha Damasiko ndi mafakitale amakono. Tsopano simukuyenera kupita ku Syria ku Middle East, mutha kupita kufupi " IKEA” kugula mpeni wakukhitchini waku Damasiko ndikukhutitsidwa.

Pansipa pali chithunzi cha mpeni wachitsulo wa Damasiko wazaka za zana la 18: Kambiranani za mpeni wakukhitchini (2) Mpweya wa kaboni umakhala ndi chikoka pazabwino za chitsulo: Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon, kumapangitsanso mwayi wopeza kuuma kwakukulu, koma kulimba kwa zinthuzo kumachepetsedwanso. Chitsulo chokhala ndi mpweya wa 0.3-0.59% chimatchedwa chitsulo chapakati cha carbon, chomwe chimakhala ndi kulimba bwino komanso kulimba kwake.Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamakina zomwe zimanyamula katundu. mphamvu zitsulo waya ndi zina zotero. Chitsulo chokhala ndi mpweya wopitilira 1% chimatchedwa ultra-high carbon steel, chomwe chimatha kulimba kwambiri pochiza kutentha, koma chimakhala cholimba kwambiri.

Mipeni yakukhitchini yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chokwera kwambiri cha kaboni kapena chitsulo chokwera kwambiri cha kaboni imatha kufika kuuma kwambiri, ndipo ndikosavuta kunola tsambalo. Mipeni yambiri ya ku Japan imapangidwa ndi zipangizo zofanana, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kudula bwino komwe kumafunika nthawi zambiri muzakudya za ku Japan. N’zoona kuti zitsulo za carbon nazonso zimakhala ndi vuto loopsa kwambiri chifukwa m’malo a chinyezi, pamwamba pake pamakhala dzimbiri komanso kuchita dzimbiri.

Choncho, mipeni yopangidwa ndi nkhaniyi iyenera kutsukidwa ndikuumitsidwa pambuyo pa ntchito. Mipeni yopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha carbon ndi gulu losakanikirana.Mipeni yambiri yotchipa yotchipa imapangidwa ndi chitsulo chochepa cha carbon. Komabe, mipeni yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chochepa cha carbon sikophweka kunola mpeniwo, ndipo mpeniwo ndi wovuta kuusamalira, ndipo umayamba kuzimiririka pogwiritsa ntchito.

Asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito yokonza zitsulo kuti ziwonjezeke kuti zisawonongeke. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu adapeza kuti lingakhale lingaliro labwino kuwonjezera chromium kuchitsulo. Njira yake ndi yakuti chromium yachitsulo imapanga filimu yowoneka bwino komanso yolimba ya oxide ikangolumikizana ndi mpweya, yomwe ingateteze gawo lachitsulo kuti lisawonongeke ndi mpweya ndi chinyezi mumlengalenga.

Ngati filimuyi iwonongeka, chromium yatsopano yachitsulo idzapanganso filimu yotetezera yomweyi ikangotuluka mumlengalenga, zomwe zimalepheretsa chitsulo chonsecho kuchita dzimbiri. Kukana kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zomwe zili mu chromium, kotero kuti chromium yokhayo imaposa 11% imatchedwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Chifukwa cha mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa chromium wachitsulo, opindula kuchokera kumitundu yonse amayesa kudula ngodya ndi zipangizo, ndipo lingaliro lamatsenga la "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri" linabadwira kamodzi m'dziko lathu.

Ngakhale zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zili zovomerezeka m'dzina zimasiyana kwambiri pakukana dzimbiri, kotero pogula mipeni yakhitchini yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zida zapa tebulo, samalani kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kazinthuzo. Mawu 18/10, 18/8 kapena 18/0 nthawi zambiri amalembedwa pazitsulo zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa chromium ndi nickel zomwe zili muzinthuzo (iyi ndi dongosolo lachikale lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndipo zida zitatuzo zili pafupi. zimagwirizana ndi 316 , 304 ndi 2 mndandanda wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri). Nickel mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri imathandizira kukonza makina, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakhala ndi gawo lothandizira pakukana dzimbiri.

Komabe, chitsulo cha nickel sichotsika mtengo, choncho opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo za manganese m'malo mwake.Izi ndiye gwero la "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chapoizoni" chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi wopanga wina m'nyumba nthawi yapitayo. 18/10 (ndiko kuti, 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri) ndi zinthu zabwino zopangira tableware, mipeni, mafoloko ndi miphika, koma ndizovuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati mipeni yakukhitchini, chifukwa zomwe zili mkati mwake ndi 0,08% yokha, ndipo sizingatheke. Angapezeke pochiritsa kutentha. Opanga mipeni yakukhitchini nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zokhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbon.

Zoonadi, opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 440, zomwe zili ndi mpweya wa 0,6% mpaka 1.20%, zomwe zimakhala m'gulu lazitsulo za carbon ndi ultra-high carbon steel. Komabe, palibe zopindulitsa pa mbali zonse ziwiri.Chilichonse chili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zake.Khaboni muchitsulo imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa chromium.Zomwe zili mu chromium zimakhalabe zosasinthika, mpweya wa carbon umakhala wokwera kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zisawonongeke. . Pazida monga mipeni yakukhitchini yomwe imayenera kuthana ndi mchere ndi acid-base tsiku lililonse, kuthwa komanso kukana dzimbiri ndizinthu zomwe sizinganyalanyazidwe. .

Tiyeni tikambirane za ceramic zipangizo. Zirconium dioxide, ufa woyera, tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipeni yakukhitchini ya ceramic. Wopanga amayika ma ufawa mu chida chogayira cha mpeni wakukhitchini wopanda kanthu, amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yayikulu ya 120 atmospheres ndikuwotcha m'malo a madigiri 1500, ndipo ma ufawa amathiridwa muzoumba zolimba zolimba.

Kuuma kwa Mohs kwa zirconia ceramics ndipamwamba kwambiri mpaka 8.5, yomwe ndi yokwera kwambiri kuposa 6-6.5 yachitsulo cholimba, kotero imatha kupukutidwa ndi gudumu lopera la diamondi. tsamba lolimba. Chifukwa cha kuuma kwake kwakukulu, mipeni ya khitchini ya ceramic simatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi, ndipo mankhwala awo amakhala okhazikika, choncho saopa kuukira kwa asidi, alkali ndi mchere zomwe zimapezeka m'khitchini. Mutha kuganiza kuti mtsogoleri wa karati yemwe amalamulira dziko la mpeni wakukhitchini wabadwa, koma sizili choncho.

Poyerekeza ndi mipeni yakukhitchini yachitsulo, mipeni ya ceramic ndiyosalimba kwambiri chifukwa ndi yosavuta kuthyoka ikagwidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja, ndipo imakondanso kusweka pamene mpeni ukudula zinthu zolimba. Choipa kwambiri n’chakuti chifukwa chakuti kulimba kwake n’kwambiri, palibe njira yoti upukutire ndi njira zachizoloŵezi. Monga tanenera poyamba paja, pogwiritsira ntchito mipeni ya m’khichini pali “lamulo la 28.” Kaya imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kunyumba kapena ndi katswiri wophika, nthaŵi zonse pamakhala mtundu umodzi wa mpeni umene umagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza (pali mitundu yambiri ya mipeni imene siigwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri. zogwiritsidwa ntchito) Zoyenera kuphika zakumadzulo.

Kwa mipeni ya ceramic, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake olimba komanso osasunthika, mwachiwonekere sichikhoza kugwira ntchito ya mpeni waukulu wa khitchini womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, koma ngati umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera kudula zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zimakhalabe ndi ubwino woonekeratu..